Densidad del antígeno prostático en el diagnóstico de cáncer de próstata / Prostate antigen density in the diagnosis of prostate cancer

El cáncer de próstata es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial, el cual clásicamente se sospecha por alteració en el antígeno prostático (PSA) y/o tacto rectal (TR) y se confirma con biopsia prostática. No obstante, existen otros marcadores como la densidad del PSA (DPSA) que se emplean para determinar la necesidad de una biopsia. Objetivo: Verificar la utilidad actual de la DPSA como herramienta diagnóstica para cáncer de próstata. Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo, tipo transversal, la selección de la muestra se efectuó mediante muestreo no probabilístico intencional, quedando integrada por el número de pacientes con criterios de biopsia prostática que acudieron al Servicio de Urología del Hospital Universitario de Caracas durante los meses de junio -julio del 2014. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS/PC versión 25.0. Resultados: El estudio estuvo conformado por 100 pacientes con edad media de 65±7,7. La tasa de detección de cáncer de próstata fue del 38% tomando en cuenta los criterios convencionales (PSA y TR), sin embargo, cuando el criterio es la DPSA se redujo el número de pacientes a 33 de los cuales el 69,7% (n 23) presentaron cáncer de próstata. Conclusión: La DPSA es una herramienta útil para ser usada como criterio para la realización de biopsia prostática con una tasa de detección general del 60,52% lo cual supera por si sola a los métodos de despistaje convencionales como lo son el valor del PSA y el tacto rectal(AU)

Prostate cancer is a public health problem worldwide, which is classically suspected due to alteration in prostatic antigen (PSA) and / or rectal examination (RE) and confirmed by prostate biopsy. However, there are other markers such as PSA density (DPSA) that are used to determine the need for a biopsy. Objective: To verify the actual usefulness of PSA density as a diagnostic tool for prostate cancer. Methods: Prospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, the selection of the sample was performed by intentional nonprobabilistic sampling, being composed of the number of patients with prostate biopsy criteria who attended the department of urology at University Hospital in Caracas during the months of june -july 2014. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS / PC Version 25.0 program. Descriptive statistics were used. Results: e study consisted of 100 patients with a mean age of 65 ± 7.7. e detection rate of prostate cancer was 38% taking into account the conventional criteria (PSA and RE), however when the criterion is the DPSA the number of patients was reduced to 33 of which 69.7% (n 23) prostate cancer. Conclusion: e DPSA is a useful tool to be used as a criterion for performing a prostate biopsy overall detection rate of 60.52% which exceeds by itself to conventional screening methods such as the value of PSA and DRE(AU)

PSA density as a parameter in prostate biopsy decision of patients with prostate sized 80 mL or larger

Background: Patients with high prostate volume (>80 ml) and high PSA levels make it difficult to decide on prostate biopsy. In this study, author aimed to detect of predictive factors to distinguish malignant or benign prostatic lesions in patients with prostate size over 80 ml.Methods: A total of 299 patients underwent TRUSBP at the clinics between 2012-2017. Cases with prostate volume over 80 ml were divided into groups according to the pathology by benign (group 1) or malign (group 2). Author evaluated the predictive factors in two groups. Patient’s age, grading and findings of digital rectal examination, prostate volume, number of received cores, total (tPSA) and free PSA (fPSA) before biopsy, rate of percentage of free to total prostate specific antigen (f/tPSA) and PSA density was compared in both groups.Results: Benign prostate hyperplasia was detected in 217 patients (72.58%) and prostate adenocarcinoma was detected in 82 patients (27.42%). The patient’s age, tPSA, fPSA and PSA density were 63.81 years, 9.71 ng/ml, 1.78 ng/ml and 0.10 g/ml2 in group 1 and 69.10 years, 38.32 ng/ml, 5.86 ng/ml and 0.42 ng/ml2 respectively. Patient’s age, tPSA, fPSA and PSA density was statistically significant between in two groups (p<0,05). Number of received cores and rate of f/tPSA were 14.02-13.84% and 19.06-17.62% in group 1 and 2, respectively and was not statistically significant. In group 2, prostate adenocarcinoma was most common detected with Gleason score 4+3 in 21 of 82 patients (25.6%).Conclusions: High prostate volume (>80 ml) has a significant influence in PSA values and results of the biopsy, PSA density is extremely important in performing prostate biopsy decisions.

Risk estimation of prostate cancer in patients with serum prostate-specific antigen level of 4-10 ng/mL / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To investigate the value of prostate volume, free prostate-specific antigen (f-PSA)/ total PSA (t-PSA) ratio, PSA density (PSAD), colour Doppler ultrasound and contrast-enhanced transrectal ultrasonography (CETRUS) in patients with PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL. Methods: Retrospective analysis were performed in 119 patients with serum prostate-specific antigen level of 4-10 ng/mL who suspected prostate cancer in Pudong Gongli Hospital from Jan 2015 to Jul 2018. All patients received TRUS-guided rectal (8+n)-core method biopsy. According to the result of puncture, the prostate cancer detection rate in patients with different prostate volumes, f-PSA/t-PSA ratios, PSADs, colour Doppler blood flow signals and CETRUS examination results. Results: The detection rate of prostate cancer in biopsies was 56.3% (67/119). The incidence of benign prostatic hyperplasia was 43.7% (52/119). The detection rate of prostate cancer in patients with f-PSA/t-PSA ratio ≤ 0.15 was higher than that with f-PSA/t-PSA ratio>0.15 (73.6% vs 42.4%, P=0.001). The detection rate of prostate cancer in the patients with PSAD>0.2 µg/L was higher than PSAD ≤ 0.2 µg/L(69.8% vs 48.7%, P=0.026). The detection rate of prostate cancer in the patients with positive CETRUS results was higher than that with negative CETRUS results (72.4% vs 41.0%, P=0.001). Conclusion: The f-PSA/t-PSA ratio, PSAD and CETRUS examination results have important clinical significance for diagnosis of prostate cancer in patients with serum PSA level of 4-10 ng/mL.

Differences in prostate cancer detection between Canadian and Saudi populations

Few studies have addressed racial differences in prostate cancer (PCa) detection between Western and Arabian countries, although PCa has a significantly lower prevalence in Arabic populations compared to Western populations. Therefore, an explanation of this difference is lacking. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a valuable marker used to select patients who should undergo prostate biopsies, although the manner in which it is used may require adjustments based on the ethnic population in question. We investigated racial differences in the PCa detection rate between Canadian and Saudi populations. A retrospective analysis was performed of data collected prospectively over 5 consecutive years in urology clinics at the McGill University Health Center (MUHC) and King Saud University Hospital (KSUH). Men who had high (>4'ng/mL) or rising PSA levels and a negative digital rectal examination were eligible. A total of 1403 Canadian and 414 Saudi patients were evaluated for the study; 717 and 158 men, median age 64 and 68 years, were included in the MUHC and KSUH cohorts, respectively, P<0.0001). Median serum PSA, prostate volume, and PSA density values were 6.1'ng/mL, 47.3 g, and 0.12'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for MUHC patients and 5.2'ng/mL, 64.5'g, and 0.08'ng·mL−1·g−1, respectively, for KSUH patients (P<0.0001, t-test followed by one-way ANOVA). In addition, the KSUH group had a significantly lower PCa detection rate among patients younger than 60 years of age and with PSA values <10'ng/mL.

Analysis of age-specific prostate specific antigen and related parameters in 22 055 elderly men / 中华泌尿外科杂志

[Abstract] Objective To define the age-specific normal reference values of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and related parameters in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men.Methods From April 2007 to November 2011,serum PSAs of over 22 055 men aged more than 40 years old in our medical examination center were statistically analyzed.The men was divided into five groups by a 10-year-old interval.Total PSA (tPSA),free PSA (fPSA) and prostate ultrasound results were recorded.The free-total PSA ratio (f/t),PSA density (PSAD) and PSA velocity (PSAV) were calculated.By convention,the 95th percentile (P95)was used as the upper limit value,and the 5th percentile (P5) as the lower limit value.Results The tPSAs were positively correlated with age (r=0.349,P＜0.001).f/t was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.154,P＜0.01).Although f/t was significantly different (P＜0.001) among each age group,P5 of all groups were 0.18.PSAD was significantly different (P＜0.001) between men over and under 70 years,with P95 as 0.09 and 0.15,respectively.PSAD had a positive correlation with age (r =0.263,P＜0.01).The significant difference of PSAV raised between men over and under 60 years,with P95 as 0.21 and 0.58,respectively.PSAV was positively correlated with age (r=0.130,P＜0.01).Conclusions PSA,PSAD and PSAV are positively correlated with age,while f/t is negatively correlated with age.The normal range of f/tis 0.18-1.00 for Chinese men over 40 years old.PSAD's normal ranges are ＜0.09 and ＜0.15 in Chinese men over and under 70 years,respectively.The normal range of PSAV are ＜0.21 and ＜0.58 for Chinese men over and under 60 years,respectively.

Contribuição da densidade do PSA para predizer o câncer da próstata em pacientes com valores de PSA entre 2, 6 e 10, 0 ng/ml / Contribution of PSA density in the prediction of prostate cancer in patients with PSA values between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml

OBJETIVO: Estudar o perfil dos pacientes submetidos a biópsia prostática, determinando possíveis padrões que, associados aos níveis de PSA entre 2,6 e 10,0 ng/ml, possam levar a uma diminuição de biópsias desnecessárias. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De 2007 a 2009, foi realizado um estudo transversal com 1.282 indivíduos submetidos a biópsia prostática e que apresentavam níveis de PSA entre 2,6 e 10,0 ng/ml. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de câncer foi de 28,6 por cento. Pacientes com câncer eram, em média, mais idosos, com valores de PSA e densidade de PSA mais altos e menor volume da próstata. Na análise da densidade de PSA, os pacientes com câncer tiveram média de 0,31 ng/ml/cc, enquanto nos pacientes com resultado negativo a média foi de 0,10 ng/ml/cc. Utilizando como critério de positividade para câncer o ponto de corte de densidade de PSA de 0,15 ng/ml/cc, obtivemos especificidade de 74 por cento e sensibilidade de 70 por cento. Para aumentar a sensibilidade é preciso reduzir o ponto de corte. Com o valor 0,09 ng/ml/cc, obtivemos sensibilidade de 84 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 80-87 por cento) e especificidade de 75 por cento (IC 95 por cento: 72-78 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: O uso sistemático da densidade de PSA na indicação de prosseguimento da investigação do paciente com biópsia poderia reduzir a quantidade de procedimentos desnecessários.

OBJECTIVE: To study the profile of patients with PSA level between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml and submitted to prostate biopsy, determining possible patterns that might lead to a reduction of unnecessary biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the period from 2007 to 2009, a cross-sectional study was developed with 1,282 patients with PSA levels between 2.6 and 10.0 ng/ml, and submitted to prostate biopsy. RESULTS: Cancer prevalence was 28.6 percent. On average, the patients with positive biopsies were older, with higher PSA levels and density, and smaller prostate volume as compared with the patients with negative biopsies. In the analysis of PSA density, the cancer patients averaged 0.31 ng/ml/cc, while patients with negative results averaged 0.10 ng/ml/cc. Utilizing a cutoff value of 0.15 ng/ml/cc for PSA density as a cancer positiveness criterion, the authors obtained sensitivity of 74 percent and specificity of 70 percent. The cutoff value should be reduced to increase the sensitivity. With a cutoff value of 0.09 ng/ml/cc, sensitivity reached 84 percent (CI 95 percent: 80-87 percent), and specificity, 75 percent (CI 95 percent: 72-78 percent). CONCLUSION: The systematic use of PSA density as an indicator to proceed with the investigation of a patient with biopsy could substantially reduce the amount of unnecessary procedures.

Performance of PSA and of PSA density in the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the prostate volume and PSA density on the performance of total PSA to diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed 217 patients (PSA 0-10ng/ml) submitted to transrectal sextant prostate biopsy. Criteria for biopsy indication was PSA >2ng/ml and/or digital rectal exam suspicious of prostate cancer. RESULTS: Fifty five patients had prostate neoplasia (25.3%) and in 8/55 (25.3%) the serum PSA was under 4ng/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were respectively 98.2% / 16.6% at a cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml and 85.4% / 38.8% at cut-off of 4ng/ml. The corresponding values for prostates >40ml or 40ml were: 96.2% / 8.1% and 100% / 27.2% at the cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml, and 92.5% / 20% and 78.5% / 62.3% at a cut-off level of 4ng/ml. For prostates 40ml a PSA cut-off point of 4ng/ml leads to a misdiagnosis in 21.4% of the malignant tumors. The median PSAD of benign prostates are different according to prostate volume (.40ml or 40ml). PSAD at cut-off of 0.08 increases the PSA specificity at both PSA cut-off points. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate volume affects the sensitivity and specificity of PSA and the median values of PSAD. PSAD of 0.08 increases the PSA specificity specially at a cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml in prostates smaller than 40ml.

Change of PSA Density after Finasteride Therapy in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density has been proposed to distinguish between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer. It is of importance that patients who take finasteride for their BPH should be taken deep interest in the potential for malignancy. The PSA density after finasteride therapy for 12 months in patients with BPH was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two patients (mean age 64 years) with BPH were enrolled in this study. The PSA densities were calculated before and after 12 months of finasteride therapy. The prostate volumes were measured by transrectal ultrasonography and the PSA was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: After 12 months of the finasteride therapy, the PSA decreased by 45.5%, the prostate volumes by 15.4% and the PSA densities by 30.5% (p >0.01). The PSA density after the finasteride therapy ranged from 0.01 to 0.14 ng/ml/cm3. In 62 patients, the cumulative percent of the PSA densities was 96.8% at 0.11 ng/ml/cm3 or less. In 31 patients over the PSA of 4.0 ng/ml, the cumulative percent of PSA densities also showed the same result. CONCLUSIONS: In most BPH patients treated with finasteride for 12 months, the PSA densities ranged 0.11 ng/ml/cm3 or less.